III

        On leaving college Montesquieu began to study law.  It was natural, as both his grandfathers had been presidents of the Parliament of Guienne, and his uncle occupied a similar position.  Methodical in all things, he studied jurisprudence according to a plan of his own, the draft of which still exists; and found plenty of time to frequent the best salons in Bordeaux, in which the rank of his family and his own reputation as a young man of talent secured him a welcome.  The chief figure in Bordeaux society was the Duke of Berwick,¹ the son of James II. And Marlborough’s sister.  This careful soldier and upright man, the only cool-headed and thoroughly sensible scion of the House of Stuart, perceived the merit of Montesquieu, and a friendship sprang up between them which ended only with the Duke’s death.  Montesquieu cherished his memory, and among his papers was found a warm and eloquent eulogy of the victor of Almanza.
        In 1713 Montesquieu’s father died, and his uncle, the Baron de Montesquieu, took upon himself the duties of guardian.  Two months after his nephew had reached his twenty-fifth year, he caused him to be appointed a lay-councillor of the Parliament of Guienne; and a year later, on the 30th of April 1715, Montesquieu married the girl of his uncle’s choice, the Demoiselle Jeanne Lartigue, a plain-looking Calvinist, inclined to limp,² but frank, good-natured, and with a dowry of a hundred thousand livres.  Love had nothing to do with the marriage: Montesquieu’s wife was his housekeeper, and the mother of his heir.
        In the beginning of 1716 his uncle died, leaving him sole legatee on condition that he should call himself Montesquieu.  Besides the name, which he had already adopted on the day of his marriage, he inherited a house in Bordeaux, lands in Agénois, and the position of President à mortier in the Parliament of Guienne.  His installation took place in July, 1716, and he retained his presidentship till 1728.
        Of the twelve provincial parliaments of France, that of Guienne, which sat at Bordeaux, ranked third with regard to the extent of its jurisdiction.  It was directed by six presidents à mortier,³ and as it possessed political, religious, administrative, and judicial attributes, the proper performance of the duties of a president entailed considerable study, and were in themselves by no means light.  Montesquieu is believed to have given them sufficient attention, although on his own showing, he did not understand legal procedure; but no trace remains of his judicial functions.
        His official duties did not by any means occupy him exclusively.  After the Academies of Caen and Paris, that of Bordeaux, having been established in 1712, is the most ancient.  Three years after its constitution, Montesquieu was admitted, and became one of its most enthusiastic members.  Wherever he was, and in whatever me might be engaged, he had always time to attend to its interests.  More than once in acknowledgment of his many services he was appointed president.  Much of the work he prepared for the Academy has been lost; of the dissertation which was considered the most remarkable, only the title remains – “The Religious Policy of the Romans.”  Medicine, physics, natural history, were all studied, and numerous discourses written.  The effect of these studies is to be found throughout all his works, the principal definitions in “L’Esprit des Lois” itself being, not those of a lawyer or metaphysician, but rather of a geometer and naturalist.
 

Forward
 
 
 
 
 
 

¹ Governor of Guienne, 1716-1719.
² See p. 7 [Montesquieu's introduction].
³ So called because they wore a cap of the shape of a mortar, made of black velvet, ornamented with a gold band.